METHOD OF REALIZATION OF CONTROLLED NUCLEAR REACTIONS, DEEP REPROCESSING OF NUCLEAR FUEL AND DEACTIVATION OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL

INVENTION PROFILE

We’d like to provide to interested Companies the invention "Method of realization of controlled nuclear reactions, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of spent nuclear fuel".

The offered method could allow solving the following problems, important for nuclear power industry:

· Achievement of incomparably higher level of radiation and ecological safety of operation of nuclear power plants (NPP);

· Deeper reprocessing of nuclear fuel and decrease of amount of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and expenses on its storage;

· Deactivation of spent nuclear fuel and nuclear wastes;

· Increase of generation of heat and electric power without increase of consumption of nuclear fuel due to deeper reprocessing of nuclear fuel;

· Reduction of cost of generation of heat and electric power;

· Construction of small and mean power NPP characterized by high level of safety;

· Considerable increase of contribution of nuclear power into the world power industry.

Taking into account that:

· during experiments with non‐nuclear materials there were obtained results, which revealed complicated and uninvestigated high‐energy physical processes, specific for elementary particles and atomic nucleus physics,

· potential application and efficiency of offered method for nuclear power industry could be estimated only in result of experiments with nuclear materials,

· in case and after of obtaining of positive results of estimation of efficiency of this method there could be created the base for industrial application of the invention in nuclear power industry,

We propose to interested Companies to become our partner in commercializing the invention.

Short information about invention. In 1974 there was experimentally discovered the effect of super‐deep penetration of finely dispersed micro particles (1 ‐ 1000 mkm) into solid metal barriers (targets) with anomalous emission of energy, which is 10² ‐ 10⁴ times more than kinetic energy of particle during impact with barrier at speed approximately 1 km/sec. Energetic effect was evaluated according to energy of burning‐in of thread‐like channel in the body of target. Length of thread‐like channel in steel target was up to 200 mm and even more. Calculations show kinetic energy of particle is enough for penetration in target only on depth equal to 6 ‐ 10 diameters of particle. This effect has no explanation from positions of modern thermodynamics, electrodynamics, relativity theory and quantum theory, including quantum chromodynamics.

Emission of energy in the channel in target is evaluated as 10⁹ ‐ 10 J/kg per particle. It considerably exceeds energy range of chemical processes.

Study of microstructure of channel of penetration of particle inside steel target shows that walls of channel are melted along the entire length of channel and alloyed by material of particle. There is observed collapse of the channel, i. e. channel is closed behind the particle. Melting of walls of the channel and its collapse show that the effect of super‐deep penetration of particle inside target‐barrier is based of heat processes, caused by excess energy and melting of material of target‐barrier in channel. Besides, in targets after attack by particles in the mode of super‐deep penetration there are detected new isotopes and elements, super‐high pressure, transit of target material into dense plasma, as well as presence of radon, which originally was absent in investigated samples. X‐ray film, which was installed near the target, was light‐struck. In some experiments character of light‐striking was lined. It means that super‐deep penetration of micro‐particles into steel target is connected with complicated high‐energy physical processes specific for elementary particles and atomic nucleus physics.

The essence of the invention. Technical result of the invention is achieved in that controlled nuclear reaction, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of radioactive wastes are executed in accelerated flux of finely dispersed particles with insertion of nuclei of heavy elements, finely dispersed particles form dynamic flux within gas, liquid or solid medium with volume concentration of heavy elements less than critical mass, nuclei of heavy elements are split by impact of longitudinal gravitational wave and/or by impact of cavitation in liquid media and/or by impact of super‐deep penetration in solid media. Nuclei of heavy elements are, for example, nuclei of 235U or other heavy elements.

Level of readiness of the invention for industrial application. The author of the invention has created scientific theory justifying the invention (his book “Quantum Energetics” will be published by the Cambridge International Science Publishing early 2010), it was constructed the acting experimental sample model of the reactor, experiments with no nucleus materials are confirmed the reality of nucleus transmutations. Reality of effect of super‐deep penetration of micro‐particles into barriers and of nucleus transmutations is confirmed by numerous experiments, conducted by different independent investigators during last years. There are available scientific publications, including publications in English.

Legal protection of the invention. The offered invention is protected by the patent application on invention of the Russian Federation No 2008100250 of January 15, 2008 "Method of realization of controlled nuclear reactions, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of spent nuclear fuel". The patent application has been published April 27, 2008. International patent search results are excellent, i.e. there aren’t any analogs in the world. The PCT patent application has been submitted to the RUPTO (Rospatent) December 16, 2008. Publication No. WO/2009/091284. Owners of specified invention are two individuals. The invention is not secret or registered.

About the author of the invention. The author of the invention is Vladimir Leonov, laureate of prize of the Russian Government in field of science and technology, author of fundamental scientific inventions of the quantum of space‐time (quanton) and the super‐strong electromagnetic interaction. Theoretical physicist, author of the fundamental theory of elastic quantized medium and the theory of single electromagnetic field as the theory of Super‐Integration of fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, nuclear and weak forces. Engineer, designer, inventor, author of patents in the field of new energetic technologies, land and space transport, new communication channels, founder of new science and technical directions in quantum Energetics and astronautics, Doctor of Technology.

Proposals. We’d like to propose to interested Companies to become a partner in commercializing the invention. Detailed and additional information is at request.

Contacts. Vitaly Pilkin, tel. +7 985 222 55 45 (Moscow, Russia), e‐mail: info@vcpartners.biz

NOTE. All Information is presented under the conditions that (a) nothing disclosed by us will create any obligation or restriction on Companies or their subsidiaries or affiliates (including an obligation of confidentiality); (b) everybody will be free to use or not to use information about the invention without any compensation, subject to any rights patent applicants have acquired based on the RU patent application No.

2008100250 and the PCT patent application PCT/RU 2009/000160.

Invention description with claims and drawings

Method of realization of controlled nuclear reactions, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel

and deactivation of spent nuclear fuel

There is known the method of generation of energy in nuclear reactions, when heat energy is generated in result of mass defect during interaction of elementary particle with atomic nucleus or nuclei with each other, or in result of bombardment of a target by flux of accelerated elementary particles (Rudakov V. P. Nuclear reactions. Physical units. Handbook. Under editorship of I. S. Grigoryev, E. Z. Meylikhov. – M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991, pp 1068, 1086, figure 39.2) [1]. But this method found no practical application for realization of controlled nuclear reaction because of its low efficiency.

Practically self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions are realized in power engineering only in nuclear reactors of nuclear power plants (NPP) on heavy elements (uranium fuel ²³⁵U) and its components (Galanin A. D. Nuclear reactor. Physical encyclopedia. – M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1983, p. 920, figure 1, 2) [2].

However self-sustaining mode of nuclear chain reaction on heavy elements in reactor is very critical and could result in explosion and it reduces efficiency of control of nuclear reaction. Efficiency of reprocessing of nuclear fuel in reactor is also low. In particular, only 5 kg of 180 tons of loaded fuel burns off in reactor RBMK-1000. Radioactive wastes reach 99,997%, and their reprocessing and burial are the serious ecologic and economic problem. Efficiency coefficient of nuclear fuel usage is only 0,003%.

The technically closest method is the method of generation of energy, which includes creation of accelerated flux of finely dispersed particles, impact of pulse deformation stresses on finely dispersed particles and extraction of energy in result of mass defect during synthesis of elementary particles and their further annihilation (Patent RF No 2201625 “Method of generation of energy and reactor for its realization”, MKI 7 G 21 B 1/00, 1/02, Bulletin No 9 of 27.03.2003) [3].

This method of generation of energy is based on new fundamental discoveries of quantum of space-time (quanton) and super-strong electromagnetic interaction (SSEI), which open new direction in power engineering – “Quantum power engineering” (Leonov V. S. at al. Super-strong electromagnetic interaction (SSEI) and perspectives of development of quantum power engineering in 21 century. – Magazines: “Fuel-energetic complex”, 2005, No 4 and “Power engineer”, 2006, No 7) [4].

New fundamental discoveries were the basis for development of the theory of Super-Integration, which from unified positions unites: gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear and electroweak forces. The unifying factor is the super-strong electromagnetic interaction (SSEI). The carrier of SSEI is the quantized space-time (elastic quantized medium), filled with quantons (Leonov V. S. Nature of nuclear and internuclear forces in the theory of Super-Integration as the basis of physics of nanotechnologies. – Russian scientific center “Kurchatov Institute”. Abstracts of reports of the conference dedicated to 50 anniversary of research nuclear reactor ITR, November 26-30, 2007, Moscow, p 173) [5].

The known method realizes effect of super-deep penetration of accelerated finely dispersed particles in solid body (Usherenko effect) with the colossal emission of energy, which is 100 – 1000 times exceeds kinetic energy of finely dispersed particles. (Leonov V. S. Cold synthesis in Usherenko effect and its application in power engineering. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001) [6].

However the known method realizes controlled reaction of synthesis of elementary particles (electron – positron couples) from quantized space-time and their further annihilation with generation of heat energy, and it is not effective for control of nuclear reaction of fission of heavy nuclei and, correspondingly, for deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and decontamination of SNF and RAW. Reaction of synthesis and fission of nuclei are opposite in sense. Synthesis from light nuclei creates heavier nuclei, while fission of heave nuclei creates lighter fragments.

The aims of proposed technical solution are enhancement of efficiency of control of nuclear chain reaction and utilization of nuclear fuel in reactor, significant reduction or total absence of radioactive wastes.

This technical result is achieved in that controlled nuclear reaction, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of radioactive wastes are executed in accelerated flux of finely dispersed particles with insertion of nuclei of heavy elements, finely dispersed particles form dynamic flux within gas, liquid or solid medium with volume concentration of heavy elements less than critical mass, nuclei of heavy elements are split by impact of longitudinal gravitational wave and/or by impact of cavitation in liquid media and/or by impact of super-deep penetration in solid media.

Nuclei of heavy elements are, for example, nuclei of ²³⁵U or other heavy elements.

Figure 1 shows relation of increase of efficiency coefficient (EC) of energetic cycle from energy output of fuel.

Figure 2 shows model of electromagnetic quadrupole, which integrates electricity and magnetism.

Figure 3 shows spherical model of quantum of space-time (quanton) in projection.

Figure 4 shows grid elastic model of local segment of quantized space-time.

Figure 5 shows solid state elastic model of local sector of quantized space-time.

Figure 6 shows process of creation of mass of nucleon during spherical compression (deformation ) of sign-variable shell of nucleon of quantized space-time.

Figure 7 shows gravitational diagram of distribution of quantum density of medium and gravitation potentials in result of spherical deformation of quantized space-time during creation of mass of particle (body).

Figure 8 shows coulomb interaction of sign-variable quark shells of two nucleons.

Figure 9 shows graphic relations of change of force of interaction between nucleons from distance between shells in form of function f_r(k_r).

Figure 10 shows depth of gravitational depression of nuclei of light and heavy elements in comparison.

Figure 11 shows scheme of realization of proposed method of obtaining of controlled nuclear reaction.

Figure 12 shows scheme of realization of nuclear reaction in reactor with impact of external gravitational wave on cavitation cloud inside flux of liquid with finely dispersed particles of heavy elements.

Figure 13 shows scheme of realization of nuclear reaction in reactor 10 with impact of external gravitational wave in mode of super-deep penetration of finely dispersed particles 9 in solid media.

For justification of proposed method necessary theoretical explanations are set out below. In order to estimate efficiency of any energetic cycle it is necessary to show real efficiency coefficient in relation to energy efficiency of fuel. Energy efficiency of fuel w_T means amount of heat in J/kg, which 1 kg of fuel is able to produce in result of energetic cycle (reaction). In this case it is necessary to relate total efficiency coefficient (EC) of cycle to utmost energy m₀C²₀, which is accumulated by fuel in quantized space-time:

(1)

where W_C is energy, generated during cycle, J;

m_o is rest mass of matter, kg.

In accordance with the theory of Super-Integration namely quantized space-time is the most potential medium (elastic quantized medium) and the only source of energy of super-strong electromagnetic interaction (SEI). All known energetic cycles (chemical and nuclear reactions, electromagnetic processes etc.) are only different methods of extraction and transformation of SEI energy. Quantized space-time, being the high potential medium, is characterized by gravitation potential φ_o==0,9^.10¹⁷ J/kg, determining the utmost energy capacity of matter. Light velocity in vacuum C₀ is equal to square root from gravitation potential φ_o of quantized space-time:

(2)

Gravitation potential φ_o==0,9^.10¹⁷ J/kg determines energy of matter W, accumulated inside quantized space-tame, as integral of transfer of mass m₀ in the field of gravitation potential :

(3)

Expression (3) is the simplest and clear derivation of the Einstein’s law of equivalency of mass and energy W=m_o.

As it was shown in the theory of Super-Integration, mass of an elementary particle is formed in result of spherical deformation of quantized space-time, energy W (3) of which is determined by energy of elastic spherical deformation of quantized medium (Patent of the Russian Federation No 2201625 “Method generation of energy and reactor for its realization”, Bulletin No 9 of 27.03.2003) [3].

As it is seen from (1), efficiency coefficient is estimated by relation energy output w_T of fuel to the value of gravitation potential of quantized space-time, connecting energetic cycle with energy release from quantized medium.

Figure 1 shows relation of increase of efficiency coefficient of energetic cycle from energy output of fuel. It is seen that diagram has three characteristic zones:

I. Chemical fuel. Energy output is 10⁷...10⁸J/kg. Efficiency coefficient is ~10^—7 %. Wastes make ~100%. Source of energy is the mass defect of valence electrons. Emission of products of combustion makes approximately 100 % and ecologically harmful.

II. Nuclear fuel. Energy output is 10¹³...10¹⁴J/kg. Efficiency coefficient is ~0,1 % (lower in reality). Radioactive wastes make ~99,9 %. Source of energy is the mass defect of atomic nucleus, more correct – of nucleons in atomic nucleus. Existing technologies of use of nuclear fuel in power engineering are imperfect and need significant improvement, and this invention is directed on such improvement.

III. Ideal fuel. Energy output is 10¹³...10¹⁴ J/kg. Efficiency coefficient is up to 100 %. Wastes are absent. Source of energy is matter and anti-matter. These energetic cycles must be developed in power engineering.

Relation, shown in figure 1, demonstrates that perspective development of quantum heat engineering must be directed on use of ideal kinds of fuel, efficiency coefficient of which must be close to 100 %. Such ideal cycles are provided by binary fuel, which consists of two components: matter and anti-matter. Now 100 % efficiency coefficient is not achieved for ideal fuel, but it is shown that electron – positron cycles with experimental energy output up to 10⁹…10¹⁰ J/kg are observed in Usherenko effect. It is much higher than energy output of chemical fuel, but lower than energy output of uranium fuel (Leonov V. S. Cold fusion in Usherenko effect and its application if power engineering. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001) [6].

Fact that really achieved energy output of fuel during super-deep penetration is lower, than in nuclear reactions, and much lower, than calculated value for ideal cycles with electron – positron pairs, gives the ground for improvement of known method (Patent of the Russian Federation No 2201625 “Method generation of energy and reactor for its realization”, Bulletin No 9 of 27.03.2003). It is proposed to use in known method additional energy of fission (splitting) of heavy nuclei, for example, ²³⁵U. However, the use of nuclear fuel in new energetic cycles requires developing principally new methods of fission of heavy nucleus in two light ones with emission of heat energy.

In known nuclear reactions fission of nucleus is made by neutrons, which are emitted by nuclear fuel in result of spontaneous decay of heavy nuclei because of their instability. In result of bombardment by neutron the heavy nucleus ²³⁵U is split in lighter fragments with emission of two neutrons and heat energy. Two neutrons split two heavy nuclei with emission of four neutrons. If concentration of nuclear fuel in unit of volume exceeds critical mass, reaction becomes the chain reaction with nuclear explosion as result. In known nuclear reactors, designed for generation of heat energy, chain reaction is limited by self-sustaining mode due to slowing down and absorption of neutrons by special media. However, process of self-sustaining of chain reaction is very critical and requires special and expensive measures for protection of nuclear reactor.

In order to provide complete safety of nuclear reactor it is necessary to keep high concentration of nuclear fuel, on the one hand, and to keep this concentration in the unit of volume lower than critical mass in order to avoid spontaneous chain reaction. These two, as it could seem, incompatible conditions could be met, if to make nuclear fuel in form of fine powder and dilute this powder by gas, liquid or solid medium made of non-radioactive material. In this case it is possible to provide concentration of nuclear fuel in the unit of volume lower, than critical mass, in dynamic flux of mixture and to provide high concentration of fuel inside fine particle. It is reflected in the formula of invention: “finely dispersed particles include nuclei of heavy elements, and dynamic flux of mixture of finely dispersed particles and gas, liquid or solid medium with volume concentration of heavy elements lower, than critical mass, is formed”. Concentration of nuclei of heavy elements in finely dispersed particles could be up to 100 %, i. e. the finely dispersed particle could consist only of heavy elements, for example ²³⁵U.

For the first time it is proposed to carry out splitting of nuclei of heavy elements not by flux of neutrons, but by impact of longitudinal gravitational wave on heavy nuclei. As far as effect of super-deep penetration in solid media is also characterized by wave gravitational processes, additional impact of external gravitational wave will intensify effect of fission of nuclei. Cavitation in liquid media is also characterized by wave gravitational processes and additional impact of external gravitational wave will intensify effect of fission of nuclei. Let us discuss new energetic cycles of fission of heavy nuclei under impact of gravitational wave more detailed.

With development of the theory of Super-Integration real research in the field of longitudinal gravitational waves, which are longitudinal waves of deformation of quantized medium, becomes possible. It allows realizing concrete technical solutions in generation and receiving of gravitational waves (Patent of the Russian Federation No 2184384 “Method of generation and receiving of gravitational waves and device for its realization (variants)” Bulletin. No 18, 2002 [7], Leonov V. S. Discovery of gravitational waves by professor Veinik. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001 [8]). Crude analog of longitudinal gravitational wave in quantized medium is longitudinal ultrasound acoustic wave in air. Velocity of propagation of gravitational wave is assumed as equal to light velocity C₀ in vacuum and could be corrected in appropriate experiments.

In order to connect the nature of gravitational wave with the nature of nuclear forces, acting between nucleons, and ability of gravitational wave to destroy these forces, it is necessary to show the nature of creation of mass of nucleons in process of spherical deformation of quantized space-time by sign-variable shell of nucleons, the part of which are integer electric quarks of positive and negative polarity (Leonov V. S. Electrical nature of nuclear forces. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001).

But at first it is necessary to show quantized structure of Einstein space-time and quark structure of quanton. The basis of the theory of Super-Integration, as quantum theory, are the quarks as initial “bricks” of initial matter. There are four quarks: two integer electric quarks (-1e and +1e) and two integer magnetic quarks (-1g and +1g), which are connected inside of quanton by relation:

(4)

where е = 1,6^.10^—19 Kl – elementary charge of electron.

Quarks are electric and magnetic charges without mass. Integer charges (4) of quarks are equal to the elementary electric charge of electron. In the theory of Super-Integration all calculations are executed in SI system. In SI dimension of magnetic charge-quark is determined as [Am], because magnetic moment has the dimension [Ам²]. Taking into account pioneer investigation of Dirak in the field of magnetic monopole, dimension of magnetic charge in SI [Am] is named Dirak [Dk] in his honor.

Figure 2 shows the model of electromagnetic quadrupole, which integrates electricity and magnetism. Quantum of space-time (quanton) is formed from electromagnetic quadrupole. Actually, in order to select elementary volume in space in form of its quantum, it is necessary only four mentioned quarks, which are shown in figure 2 as e^–, е⁺, g^–, g⁺. Factor, connecting electricity and magnetism inside quanton (gluon) is the super-strong electromagnetic interaction (SEI). Tetrahedron form of positions of quarks inside quanton provides orthogonality of its electric and magnetic axes, which is kept for quanton and determines orthohonality of vectors of electric and magnetic fields gradient in electromagnetic processes. Under colossal pressure force SEI electromagnetic quadrupole (figure 2) becomes spherical (figure 3) and corresponds to quanton.

Figure 3 shows spherical model of quantum of space-time (quanton) in projection. Quanton integrates electricity and magnetism, being the carrier of super-strong interaction (SEI) – the fifth force. Versatility of SEI shows itself in two, as it could seem incompatible combinations: electromagnetism and gravitation, which are the different expressions of united SEI field. Besides, SEI forms the structure of nucleon in result of spherical deformation of quantized space-time, determining nature of nuclear forces. So the structure of nucleon is inseparably associated with the structure of quantized space-time, which could be represented by two equivalent elastic models: grid and solid-state. On the other hand, quanton is the elastic resonator, which determines the temp of space clock rate, integrating space and time in the single concept of quantized space-time.

Figure 4 shows grid elastic model of local segment of quantized space-time. Such model is convenient for analysis of electromagnetic processes and for analytical derivation of Maxwell’s equations, showing that quantized space-time is the carrier of classic electromagnetism, expression of united SEI field. Quantons 1 are schematically shown in projection on plain. Inside quanton there are electric 2 and magnetic 3 quarks, which determine orthohonality of electric and magnetic axes. An external interaction quark between quantons determines stress of elastic quantized medium.

Figure 5 shows solid state elastic model of local sector of quantized space-time. Such model is convenient for analysis of gravitation processes in result of deformation (distortion, according to Einstein) and creation of mass. Gravitation, as well as electromagnetism, is the expression of properties of united SEI field. Concentration of quantons in the unit of volume of non-deformed space-time is characterized by quantum density of medium ρ_o:

(5)

where k₃=1,44 is the coefficient of filling of vacuum by spherical quantons;

is calculated diameter of quanton in non-deformed space.

Figure 6 shows process of creation of mass of nucleon during spherical compression (deformation) of sign-variable shell of nucleon of quantized space-time. For this purpose it is necessary to imagine a volume of elastic medium, filled with quantons, and select spherical shell with radius R₀. Then this shell shall be compressed together with quantized media down to radius R_S, increasing quantum density inside the shell up to the value r₂. Sphere with radius R_S is the gravitation border of medium. Outside the gravitation border quantized space-time is irregularly stretched (distorted, according to Einstein), determining distribution of quantum density r₂ of medium. From the point of view of vector analysis this process of spherical deformation of quantized space-time is the divergence of quantum density of medium, and it described by Poisson’s gravitation equation. Two-component solution of Poisson’s equation determines distribution of quantum density of medium inside and outside of gravitation border, depending on distance from center of the system:

(6)

where R_g is gravitation radius, m.

(7)

where G is the gravitation constant.

It was found out that the gravitation potential is equivalent to quantum density of media r_о, taking into account coefficient k_φ:

(8)

Expression (8) allows proceeding in (6) from quantum density parameters to distribution of gravitation potentials φ₁ (outside spherical border) and φ₂ (inside the sphere) during spherical deformation of quantized space-time:

(9)

Figure 7 shows gravitation diagram of distribution of quantum density of medium (r₁ and r₂) and gravitation potentials (φ₁=С² and φ₂) in result of spherical deformation of quantized space-time during creation of mass of particle (body). Inside the gravitation border increase of quantum density r₂ in regard to balanced (initial) condition r_о and increase of gravitation potential φ₂ in regard to . According to modern perceptions condition of balanced levels r_о and considered to be the zero scale of levels.

Outside the gravitation border in result of redistribution of quantum density of medium external gravitation field of particle (body) in form of gravitational depression is formed. At the border (radius R_S) jump of density of medium 2ρ_ns and gravitation potential 2j_ns, determining the depth of gravitational depression, is observed (j_ns is the level of Newton potential on gravitation border, ρ_ns is the level of quantum density of medium, equivalent to potential j_ns).

Two-dimensional gravitation diagram (figure 7) is the three-dimensional (figure 6) analog of spherical deformation of quantized space-time during creation of mass of the particle (body) and demonstrates graphical relations of distribution of quantum density of medium and gravitation potentials inside and outside gravitation border. Mass is the initial; parameter of gravitation and, as it is shown, is the secondary formation inside quantized space-time, as specific expression of united SEI field.

Energy W of spherical deformation of quantized space-time during creation of mass of the particle (body) is described by Einstein law of equivalency of mass and energy W=m_o (3). That is why, considering processes of release of energy of atomic nucleus based on effect of defect of mass, it is necessary to link this energy with release of energy of deformation of quantizes space-time during change of mass of nucleons in nuclear reactions. In this case, according to the theory of Super-Integration, nuclear energy resolves itself into energy of united SEI field.

As far as the aim of this invention is the increase of efficiency of release of energy of atomic nucleus, it is necessary to show that nuclear forces are the forces of Coulomb interaction of sign-variable shells of nucleons inside atomic nucleus (Leonov V. S. Electric nature of nuclear forces. – M. : Agroconsult, 2001) [9].

Figure 8 shows Coulomb interaction of sign-variable quark shells of two nucleons inside light nucleus (deuteron) of isotope of hydrogen (deuterium), which includes proton and neutron. It was found out by calculations that neutron shell includes 70 quarks of positive and negative polarity in equal parts, which determines electric neutrality of neutron. Proton shell includes 69 quarks, and one quark of positive polarity is not compensated and determines the charge of proton. Other 68 quarks of negative and positive polarity are distributed in shell in equal parts and compensated completely.

Sign-variable field (field of sign-variable charges 4 and 5) of nucleons’ shells is the short-range (contact) field. In case of contact of two nucleons, regardless of presence of non-compensated charge, shells under influence of Coulomb forces F₁ and F₂ are attracted to one another.

Figure 9 shows graphic relations of change of force of interaction between nucleons from distance between shells in form of function f_r(k_r) (Leonov V.S. Electric nature of nuclear forces. – M. : Agroconsult, 2001) [9]. As it shows, nuclear forces, as forces of Coulomb attraction of shells, are the sort-range forces, which act at distance of approximately 10^—15 m. In case of further approach of nucleons forces of repulsion begin to appear, and, as it was establishes by the theory of Super-Integration, the main component of these forces are the forces of anti-gravitation repulsion. Anti-gravitation, as parameter of negative gradient of quantum density of medium, is created by quarks inside shell if nucleons at distance less than 10^—15 m, and it is widely used in physics of elementary particles and atomic nucleus for description of forces of repulsion at small distances. Due to this factor collapse of quark shells of nucleons is excluded.

On the other hand, as it was shown, sign-variable shell of nucleon creates its mass in result of spherical deformation of quantized space-time. Space is distorted and formed gravitation depression around nucleon outside gravitation border (figure 7).

In accordance with the principle of superposition of fields gravitation depression characterizes atomic nucleus, because gravitation depression of each nucleon in nucleus increases gravitation depression of nucleus as a whole. Gravitation depressions of heavy elements reach critical values. Before the theory of Super-Integration influence of gravitation depression on weakening of nuclear forces between nucleons was not taken into account.

Figure 10 shows depth of gravitational depression of nuclei of light 6 (ρ_ns1) and heavy 7 (ρ_ns2) elements in comparison, where ρ_ns1 and ρ_ns2 are the jumps of quantum density of medium on gravitation border of light and heavy nuclei, accordingly. As it is seen, nucleus of heavy element is in deeper gravitation depression in area of smaller quantum density of medium (ρ_о-ρ_ns2) in relation to ρ_о. The theory of Super-Integration establishes that the value of electric and gravitation interactions is determined by quantum density of medium: in case of its decrease attraction is decreased, disruptive tension of quantum medium if increased and zone of anti-gravitation repulsion is increased. That is why nuclei of heavy elements are instable and are the subject of natural fission under influence of agitating fluctuation factors.

Besides, spherical symmetry of nucleons of heavy elements is disturbed because of their large number inside of gravitation depression, and it results in change of their mass. That is why in case of fission of heavy nucleus on fragments of synthesis of new nuclei defect of mass is observed, and its sign is not important, it is important that wave agitation of quantized space-time and quanta of radiation (heat photons, optical radiation, gamma-quanta) arise. It is necessary to note that generation of heat energy in nuclear reactions is connected with generation of heat (infrared) low-energy photons.

In nuclear power engineering splitting of nuclei of heavy elements is carried out by neutrons. From position of quantum theory transfer of neutron in quantized space-time is the wave transfer of spherical deformation of quantized medium, i.e. it is wave transfer of mass (figures 6 and 7). It determines fundamental character of the principle of corpuscular-wave dualism, when the particle (nucleus, body) simultaneously demonstrates both wave and corpuscular properties. In this case mass is considered to be a sole deformation wave, kind of gravitational wave such as soliton.

So, when neutron impacts heavy nucleus, impulse is created by mass of neutron, more correct, by spherical wave, energy of deformation of which is equivalent of mass. As it was already noted, it is impossible to form accelerated flux of neutrons and effectively control it due to electric neutrality of the particle. It is proposed to destabilize stability of heavy nucleus inside gravitation depression by concentrated longitudinal gravitational wave.

Longitudinal gravitational waves are the bunches of energy in form of zones of compression and decompression of quantized space-time. Matters of generation of gravitational wave are not considered in this invention, we propose to use it for splitting of nuclei of heavy elements. Quantum generators of gravitational waves are referred to as grazers (do not mix up with gazers – generators of gamma-radiation). In more detail processes of generation of longitudinal gravitational waves are considered in: patent RF No 2184384 “Method of generation and receiving if gravitational waves and device for its realization (variants)”. Bull. No 18, 2002 [7], Leonov V. S. Discovery of gravitational waves by professor Veinik. M. Agroconsult, 2001, [8].

So substitution of neutron flux, as particles-waves, by equivalent flux of bunches of energy in form of zones of compression and decompression of quantized space-time in gravitational wave is the subject of invention, which is noted in formula of invention as “and farther split nuclei of heavy elements by impact of longitudinal gravitational wave on fine particles flux”.

Substitution of neutrons by gravitational wave has significant advantages for obtaining of controlled nuclear reaction. It is possible to generate gravitational wave and actively control its intensity in wide range of energies. It is possible to terminate gravitational wave immediately and terminate nuclear reaction.

Figure 11 shows scheme of realization of proposed method of realization of controlled nuclear reaction, which includes flux of liquid (or gas) 8, finely dispersed particles 9 of heavy elements, reactor 10, quantum generator of gravitational waves (grazer) 11.

Control of nuclear reaction is carried out as follows. Initial flux of liquid (or gas) 8, which includes fine particles 9 of heavy elements, within reactor 10 is influenced by longitudinal gravitational wave from generator (grazer) 11. Under influence of gravitational wave nuclei of heavy elements are split in fragments with emission of energy, i. e. particles are exploded in flux. Emitted energy heats liquid (or gas) 8. Than heat 12 is utilized (for heating or generation of electric energy). Concentration of heavy elements in volume of liquid (or gas or solid medium) is less, than critical, and this excludes spontaneous chain reaction, providing safety of reactor.

The proposed method is also intended for deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of SNF and RAW. Deep reprocessing is that all heavy nuclei in finely dispersed particles 9 (figure 11) in flux of liquid, gas or in solid medium are split in nonradioactive fragments. For deactivation of SNF and RAW, which include radioactive elements, they should be transformed in finely dispersed powder and used in reactor 10 (figure 11) for “afterburning”.

Initially investigations of longitudinal gravitational waves were carried out in process of influence of deformation on matter (Leonov V. S. Discovery of gravitational waves by professor Veinik. M. Agroconsult, 2001) [8]. Strong deformation agitations of matter are observed in effect of cavitation and effect of super-deep penetration of finely dispersed particles in solid targets (Leonov V. S. Cold fusion in Usherenko effect and its application if power engineering. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001) [6]. This means that in mentioned effects spontaneous generation of gravitational waves takes place, and it could be amplified by impact of external gravitational wave. Formula of invention reflects it as “and then split nuclei of heavy elements by influence of longitudinal gravitational wave on flux of fine particles or influence of cavitation in liquid media and/or influence of mode of super-deep penetration in solid media”.

Figure 12 shows scheme of realization of nuclear reaction, which includes reactor 10, flux of liquid 8, finely dispersed particles 9 of heavy elements, generator (grazer) 11, nozzle 13.

In reactor 10 cavitation cloud is formed during pass of flux of liquid 8 through nuzzle 13 under pressure. Flux of liquid 8 includes finely dispersed particles 9 of heavy elements. Under influence of external gravitational wave on cavitation cloud 14 inside flux of liquid 8 splitting of heavy elements inside finely dispersed particle 9 takes place. Longitudinal gravitational wave is created by generator (grazer) 11. Combined influence of cavitation and external gravitational wave increases efficiency of splitting of heavy elements, included in finely dispersed particles 9, inside cavitation cloud 14. Emitted energy heats liquid, and then heat 12 goes to users.

Large number of cavitation bubbles in cavitation cloud 14, their origin and collapse generates specific noise (acoustic field), spectrum of which reaches ultrasound range of several hundreds kHz. It is necessary to note that cavitation processes are very short: time of collapse of cavitation bubbles is approximately 10^-6 sec. Pressure inside bubble reaches 100 MPa (~ 1000 atm.) and temperature ~ 10 000°C. Strong deformation processes during cavitation result in generation of gravitational waves and ultrasound, but in quantized space-time, as analogue of solid state model (figure 5). It is reflected in formula of invention as “and/or by influence of cavitation in liquid media”.

Figure 13 shows scheme of realization of nuclear reaction under influence of external gravitational wave in mode of super-deep penetration of finely dispersed particles, which includes reactor 10, air mixture 8, finely dispersed particles 9 of heavy elements, generator of gravitational waves (grazer) 11, accelerating nuzzle 15.

Under pressure air mixture 8 with finely dispersed particles 9 under pressure is accelerated in nuzzle 15 up to speed of approximately 1 km/sec. Accelerated flux 16 is directed to the solid state target in reactor 10. Simultaneously solid state target of reactor 10 is influenced by gravitational wave from generator (grazer) 11. It activates mode of super-deep penetration of finely dispersed particles in solid state target of reactor 10 with development of channels 17 of energy emission, starting nuclear reaction of splitting of heavy elements in composition of finely dispersed particles. Heat energy 12 through water heat exchanger 18 goes to users.

In the mode of super-deep penetration there are observed heating and melting of channel of energy emission, which is “collapsed” behind the particle just like cavitation bubble in liquid. Effect of super-deep penetration is characterized by strong deformation effects, which generate gravitational waves in solid target. Parallel influence of external gravitational wave significantly increases efficiency of splitting of heavy elements in finely dispersed particle, providing nuclear reaction in full volume. This is reflected in the formula of invention as “and/or by influence of mode of super-deep penetration in solid media”.

In result of implementation of proposed invention high efficiency of control of nuclear reaction is achieved, nuclear reaction could be terminated immediately and continued at different modes of energy emission with deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel with significant reduction or complete absence of radioactive wastes. Besides, proposed method allows to execute deactivation of existing SNF and RAW by their more complete “afterburning”.

Claims

1. Method of realization of controlled nuclear reaction with deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel, deactivation of spend nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes, which includes creation of accelerated flux of finely dispersed particles, influence of pulse deformation stresses on finely dispersed particles and extraction of energy in result of mass defect, discrepant by the fact that nuclei of heavy elements are included in finely dispersed particles, dynamic flux of finely dispersed particles with volume concentration of heavy elements less than critical mass is formed in gas, liquid or solid media, and then nuclei of heavy elements are split by influence of longitudinal gravitational wave on flux of finely dispersed particles and/or by influence of cavitation in liquid media and/or by influence of mode of super-deep penetration in solid media.

Literature:

1. Rudakov V. P. Nuclear reactions. Physical units. Handbook. Under editorship of I. S. Grigotyev, E. Z. Meylikhov. – M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991, pp 1068, 1086, figure 39.2.

2. Galanin A. D. Nuclear reactor. Physical encyclopedia. – M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1983, p. 920, figure 1, 2.

3. Patent RF No 2201625 “Method of generation of energy and reactor for its realization”, Bulletin No 9 of 27.03.2003.

4. Leonov V. S. at al. Super-strong electromagnetic interaction (SSI) and perspectives of development of quantum power engineering in 21 century. – Magazines: “Fuel-energetic complex”, 2005, No 4 and “Power engineer”, 2006, No 7.

5. Leonov V. S. Nature of nuclear and internuclear forces in the theory of Super-Integration as the basis of physics of nanotechnologies. – Russian scientific center “Kurchatov Institute”. Abstracts of reports of the conference dedicated to 50 anniversary of research nuclear reactor ITR, November 26-30, 2007, Moscow, p 173.

6. Leonov V. S. Cold synthesis in Usherenko effect and its application in power engineering. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001.

7. Patent RF No 2184384 “Method of generation and receiving of gravitational waves and device for its realization (variants)” Bill. No 18, 2002.

8. Leonov V. S. Discovery of gravitational waves by professor Veinik. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001.

9. Leonov V. S. Electrical nature of nuclear forces. – M.: Agroconsult, 2001.

Abstract

This invention is related to the field of nuclear power engineering and intended for generation of heat and electric energy, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of spent nuclear fuel. Method of realization of controlled nuclear reaction, deep reprocessing of nuclear fuel and deactivation of radioactive wastes includes influence of gravitational wave on accelerated flux of finely dispersed particles, which include nuclei of heavy elements, finely dispersed particles form dynamic flux in gas, liquid or solid medium with volume concentration of heavy elements less than critical mass, then nuclei of heavy elements are split by influence of longitudinal gravitational wave of flux of finely dispersed particles and/or by influence of cavitation in liquid media and/or by influence of mode of super-deep penetration in solid media.

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